![]() Rather than Southern Ocean ecosystems being defined by barriers at particular oceanic fronts, ecological changes are gradual due to cross-front exchanges involving oceanographic processes and organism movement. We also consider the human system connections, including the role of Southern Ocean ecosystems in supporting society, culture, and economy in many nations, influencing public and political views and hence policy. In this paper, we consider the degree of ecological connectivity at different trophic levels, linking Southern Ocean ecosystems with the global ocean, and their importance not only for the regional ecosystem but also the wider Earth system. In contrast, ocean ecological processes are often seen as largely separate from the rest of the global system. Southern Ocean biogeochemistry has also been shown to have global importance. Processes in the Antarctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and the Southern Ocean directly influence global atmospheric and oceanic systems. Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important. 13Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.12Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile.11Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.10Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. ![]() 9Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Hobart, TAS, Australia.8Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.7Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States.6CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia.5School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.4Centre for Marine Socioecology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.3Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS, Australia.2Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States.1British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom.Henley 5, Jessica Melbourne-Thomas 6, Rowan Trebilco 6, Rachel D.
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